ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Evaluation of immunogenicity and efficacy in animal models provide critical data in vaccine development. Nonhuman primates (NHPs) have been used extensively in the evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. AREAS COVERED: A critical synthesis of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development with a focus on challenge studies in NHPs is provided. The benefits and drawbacks of the NHP models are discussed. The citations were selected by the authors based on PubMed searches of the literature, summaries from national public health bodies, and press-release information provided by vaccine developers. EXPERT OPINION: We identify several aspects of NHP models that limit their usefulness for vaccine-challenge studies and numerous variables that constrain comparisons across vaccine platforms. We propose that studies conducted in NHPs for vaccine development should use a standardized protocol and, where possible, be substituted with smaller animal models. This will ensure continued rapid progression of vaccines to clinical trials without compromising assessments of safety or efficacy.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 Vaccines , COVID-19 , Animals , COVID-19/prevention & control , Disease Models, Animal , Humans , Primates , SARS-CoV-2ABSTRACT
The world has experienced five pandemics in just over one hundred years, four due to influenza and one due to coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). In each case of pandemic influenza, the pandemic influenza strain has replaced the previous seasonal influenza virus. Notably, throughout the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, there has been a 99% reduction in influenza isolation globally. It is anticipated that influenza will re-emerge following the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and circulate again. The potential for which influenza viruses will emerge is examined.